By CRISTINA JANNEY
Hays Post
The understanding of the causes of depression and anxiety has evolved over the last 50 years, but a new book suggests we might have some power to combat the debilitating illnesses.
Johann Hari, in his book “Lost Connections: Uncovering the Real Causes for Depression — And the Unexpected Solutions,” suggests reconnecting with other people and our environment can hep people suffering from depression and anxiety.
Ken Windholz, psychologist and a faculty member at Fort Hays State University, gave a presentation on the book to the Hays National Alliance on Mental Illness on Monday.
For 50 years, the medical field has relied heavily on the theory that depression is caused by a lack of the brain chemical serotonin. To combat this, medication known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs were prescribed.
Exposure to light, exercise and a healthy diet have also all been found to increase serotonin levels in the brain.
However, Hari suggests there are psychological and social factors that also can influence mental health.
Some of the those psychological factors include learning, emotions, thinking attitudes, memory, perceptions, beliefs and stress management strategies.
Social factors include social support, family background, interpersonal relationships, cultural traditions, medical care, socioeconomic status, poverty, physical exercise and biofeedback.
Psychological, social and biologic factors all intersect to affect a person’s physical and mental health.
“This is how we have been doing this in modern treatment,” Windholz said. “We separate things out. We start to think of ourselves as separated also. This is my brain. This is my social relationship. This is my psychological relationship. This brain stuff must not be impacting my social relationships, or my social relationships might have a little bit to do with my psychological stuff, but not much.
“That is the key to understanding this and understanding treatment is to understand all these things interact. We are not half a person walking around. Every one of us is a whole, blessed, integrated human being.”
The author suggests depression is a function of our lost natural and intended internal and external connections —biologically, psychologically and socially.
Windholz posed this is simpler language.
“What he is saying is that one or more of these features of ourselves is out of sync. The chance is when we are really depressed, all of these things are out of sync,” he said.
These changes tend to feed off each other. If you are off physically, then you can be off psychologically and/or socially.
Mental health treatment is coming full circle to understand brain chemistry is not the only cause of depression.
“Since the use of antidepressants came along, it has not significantly reduced the instance of depression,” Windholz said. “It has relieved a good bit of it. People still get depressed even when they are taking anti-depressant medication. Even when they have been switched to two or three antidepressants, they still get depressed. We didn’t understand why.”
Depression and anxiety are the most common complaints among those seeking mental health treatment, but Windholz said they are probably the illnesses science understands the least because there is such a wide range of factors they encompass.
Hari said we are disconnected in a variety of ways. He said we are disconnected from meaningful work. Windholz presented some statistics.
Sixty-three percent of people polled by Gallup say they’re “not engaged” in their day’s work, that they’re “sleepwalking” through their day and 87 percent of people in the poll say they dislike their jobs.
Hari argues our society is outwardly motivated on rewards.
“I think we should tell each other that we are good people and mean it, because that is the way we communicate our affections and recognition of one another in an honest way,” Windholz said. “You can give all the rewards and awards and diplomas and certificates and plaques and all the trophies and great things you want, give them the keys to the city and tell them what a great person they are. If they really don’t feel it in their heart, none of that matters. Status means nothing without authenticity behind it.”
Another way we disconnect is from other people.
“We are naturally social beings. … Our very nature is to be connected through friends, partners, families, neighborhoods, communities, clubs, organizations even municipalities. … ‘I am from the city of … and ‘I like the LA Raiders’ and civic pride, cultures … Whatever those cultural identities are, we put them into ourselves.”
Scientists have found that certain areas of the brain “light up” when people interact with other people.
Many Americans have no close friends, Windholz said. Loneliness is a key feature in depression and suicidal behavior. It correlates with anxiety, low self-esteem, pessimism and fear that others dislike us, he said.
The author also suggests that we disconnect from meaningful values.
“We have become a materially focused society,” Windholz said.
A 2017 survey of 10 grand lottery winners (winners of $3 million to $314 million) revealed two declared bankruptcy, three committed suicide, two went to prison, one married and divorced six times and two developed substance abuse dependencies.
“The more one thinks about having stuff and superiority and showing it off, the more unhappy, depressed and anxious one often is,” Windholz said.
Disconnection can be the result of child hood trauma. Bessel van der Kolk, M.D. in “The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma” estimated 50 percent of patients diagnosed with major depression also had abuse in their past. The earlier this occurs in life, the greater the likelihood of the diagnosis.
People can disconnect from the natural world.
“Nature by itself of its own accord is connected. Nature represents connection,” Windholz said. “We go look around outside and see how the wind blows through the trees. There is a connection. We see how the birds land in the trees. There is a connection. We see how the birds build nests. We see the cycles of life between seasons. We see migrations. Nature has its cycles. Nature is connected in every possible way.”
People who do not experience nature become trapped like an animal in a zoo, he said.
“Sometimes when you force yourself out among people, you might find yourself to just slightly feel a little bit better,” he said. “You can see how the other half lives, so to speak. Now I have something to compare that with. When I am locked in by myself, I don’t have anything to compare it with. All I have to compare it with is whatever is happening inside myself.”
Finally, the author suggests people can become disconnected from a hopeful and secure future. Central to suicidal thinking is a lost sense of the future.
The adolescent brain is notorious for its “immediacy thinking” and the belief that “However it is now is how it will always be.” The depressed person reverts to this thinking mode, Windholz said.
Although brain chemistry plays a role in depression and anxiety, some researches believe less than 30 percent of depressive and anxiety disorders are caused by genetics. Only one gene, 5-HTTLPR, has been linked to serotonin re-uptake transporters you have. Even if you have a genetic predisposition to have depression or anxiety, external forces may play a role in whether you develop the illnesses.
Windholz asked his audience how they isolate from other people. He suggested some of the ways we isolate include using social media, watching TV, staying inside all day, buying things and using online buying excessively, sleeping more, over use of the Internet, and playing video games.
We can reconnect by exercising (as little as 10 to 15 minutes per day can be beneficial) and engaging in meaningful work. This can be through a job, activity or volunteering.
“It is really a matter of how we balance all these factors in our lives. How do we stay connected but no too connected—just enough connected? How do I isolate, but not become too isolated? How do I take time for myself in a healthy sort of way?” Windholz said.
He encouraged his audience to do what you love and to find love in whatever we are doing. He also challenged the audience members to keep gratitude journals.
“If we are looking for a hopeful future, if we are looking for a connection or looking for a creative way to step outside of the box we find ourselves confined into, I think the first doorway is gratitude,” Windholz said. “Gratitude points me to the other rather than what I am struggling with. It points me to the gifts rather than the boxes that it all came in. I am looking for the gift rather than rocks.”
Ann Leiker, NAMI coordinator, said NAMI and its support groups can be a way to find connections for people with mental illness or who have loved ones with mental illness.
NAMI offers support groups for those with mental illness and their families. The support groups are from 6 to 7 p.m. on the first Mondays of the month at Center for Life Experience at the First Presbyterian Church, 2900 Hall St., in Hays unless there is a conflict with a holiday. Education programs are offered from 7:15 to 8:15 p.m. For more information, call Leiker at 785-259-6859 or by email at [email protected]. See Center for Life Experiences online at www.cflehope.org.